Tag Archives: Health

MECHANISMS IN KIDNEY-TUTORIAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Section of cortex of human kidney.

Image via Wikipedia

Basic Kidney Anatomy

  • Kidneys paired, about 150 gm each
  • Urine forming units:
    • Cortex
    • Medulla (lobed: renal pyramids)
    • Cortex and medulla composed chiefly of nephrons and blood vessels
    • Supplied by renal arteries (branches of descending aorta) and renal veins (branches of inferior vena cava)
  • Urine collecting and expelling units:
    • Calyces
    • Renal pelvises
    • Ureters
    • Bladder
    • Urethra

Although the Kidneys are Tiny Organs They Receive 25% of the Cardiac Output

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF HEART-TUTORIALS

Electrical Activity and EKG

The Cardiac Action Potential Has a Prolonged Refractory Period

  • Heart action potential has a prolonged spike (depolarized)
  • Membrane is refractory for a long time
  • This prevents summation and gives the heart time to fill

All Parts of the Heart Beat Spontaneously

  • Heart muscle does not require stimulation by a nerve
  • Nerves usually inhibit the heart beat; cutting the nerves -> heart speeds up
  • Beat originates as a depolarization in the heart muscle cell itself (self stimulation)
  • All parts of the heart can beat spontaneously

MUSCLE CONTRACTION-MECHANICS-BIOMECHANICS NOTES

Muscles Are Organized Into Motor Units

  • When a single nerve enters a muscle it splits and makes neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) with several muscle cells
  • A nerve and the muscle cells it makes NMJs with is called a motor unit
  • When the nerve fires the whole motor unit is stimulated and the muscle cells contract together
  • Muscles with large motor units have coarse movements
  • Muscles with small motor units give fine, graded movements
  • This is a small motor unit with only 3 muscle fibersTwo Basic Types of Contraction Are Isotonic and Isometric

NACO-Research Fellowship Scheme, India

ORGANIZER

National AIDS Control Organisation

ELIGIBILITY

PG Students enrolled for full-time MD/MPhil/PhD degree program in relevant disciplines from any recognized Indian University/Institute below 35 years.

DESCRIPTION

NACO invites applications from young researchers to provide opportunity and incentive to pursue quality and need based research in HIV/AIDS in bio-medical/clinical, epidemiological, behavioral and social disciplines.NACO Research Fellowship grant will be given to the respective Institution/Department in full for the awardees students. NACO will award up to 20 Fellowships per year for financial assistance. NACO will consider applications received through proper channel only with a certificate on official letter-head duly recommended by the Guide/Supervisor and Head of the Department/Institute where the candidate proposes to work.

What Is Clinical Informatics?

Clinical informatics is a method of organizing information in the health care industry. It blends information technology, computer science and biomedical informatics. Clinical informatics is a field that is constantly striving to make information more accessible in the simplest way. It involves storing, managing and accessing important health records.

Clinical informatics uses technology and computers to store data at an institution such as a hospital, doctor’s office or other health care facility. Since there are so many papers and files to process at any medical setting, an efficient system for keeping track of it all is required. Medical informatics becomes a way to organize and process the information. Examples of information stored in health informatics include disease research, patient backgrounds, statistics and treatment plans.

What Is Biomedical Informatics?

Biomedical informatics, as a scientific discipline, has its roots in the early 1970s. It encompasses the fields of bioinformatics, medical imaging, health informatics, and several other disciplines. In recent years, this biological field has experienced explosive growth, due to public access to massive amounts of data generated from the Human Genome Project. A host of other complementary research efforts have also contributed to the knowledge base. This synergistic blend of multiple branches of biology, combined with information technology and knowledge, has enabled researchers and clinicians to utilize an array of information to advance biological research and healthcare.