About The Materials
The course provides a general view of bioelectromagnetism and describes it as an independent discipline. It begins with an historical account of the many innovations and innovators on whose work the field rests. This is accompanied by a discussion of both the theories and experiments which were contributed to the development of the field. The physiological origin of bioelectric and biomagnetic signal is discussed in detail. The sensitivity in a given measurement situation, the energy distribution in stimulation with the same electrodes, and the measurement of impedance are related and described by the electrode lead field. It is shown that, based on the reciprocity theorem, these are identical and further, that these procedures apply equally well for biomagnetic considerations. The difference between corresponding bioelectric and biomagnetic methods is discussed. It is also shown, that all subfields of bioelectromagnetism obey the same basic laws and they are closely tied together through the principle of reciprocity. Thus the book course helps to understand the properties of existing bioelectric and biomagnetic measurements and stimulation methods and to design new systems.
| Lecture 1
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| Introduction | ||
 Intro |
Bioelectromagnetism, Main topics, Textbook, Interdisciplinary sciences | |
| 1.1 – 1.2 |
Bioelectromagnetism, Subdivisions of bioelectromagnetism | |
| 1.3 |
Bioelectric phenomena, Generation of bioelectric signals, Importance of bioelectromagnetism, Funny example | |
| 1.4 |
History of bioelectromagnetism, William Gilbert, Jan Swammerdam, Luigi Galvani, Electrotherapy | |
| 1.4.3 |
Hans Christian Ørstedt, Hans Berger – EEG, Magnetocardiogram, Hermann Helmholtz, Nernst equation | |
| Lecture 2 | ||
| Part I | Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Bioelectromagnetism | |
| 2 |
Nerve and muscle cell, Cell membrane, Motoneuron | |
| 2.2.3 |
Synapse, Striated muscle, Bioelectric function, Response of the membrane potential, Conduction of nerve impulse | |
| 3 |
Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nernst equation, Electric potential and field, Nernst-Planc equation, Illustration | |
| 3.3 |
The origin of resting voltage, Electric circuit of membrane, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, Reversal voltage, Transmembrane ion flux | |
| Lecture 3 | ||
| 3 |
Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nernst equation, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, Transmembrane ion flux | |
| 3.6 |
Cable equation of the axon, Steady state response, Stimulation with step-current, Strength-duration relation | |
| 4 |
Active behavior of the membrane, Voltage clamp method, Space clamp, Voltage clamp | |
| 4.2.3 |
Voltage clamp, Examples, Transmembrane ion flux, Preparation of an axon, Fugu fish | |
| 4.4 |
Hodgin-Huxley model, Parallel conductance model, Voltage clamp experiments, Model for potassium conductance | |
| Lecture 4 | ||
| 4.4 |
Hodgkin-Huxley model, Parallel conductance model, Potassium conductance, Model for potassium conductance | |
| 4.4.4 |
Sodium conductance, Model for sodium conductance, A model for channel gating | |
| 4.4.5 |
Hodgin-Huxley equations, Sodium and potassium conductances, Propagating nerve impulse | |
| 4.5 |
Patch clamp method, Current through a single ion channel, Modern understanding of the ionic channels | |
| 5 |
Synapses, receptor cells and brain, Excitatory and inhibitory synapses, Spatial and temporal summation, Electric model of the synapse | |
| Lecture 5 | ||
| 4.4 – 4.5 |
Model for potassium and sodium conductances, Nobel Prize 1991, Patch clamp method | |
| 5 |
Synapses, receptor cells and brain, Reflex arch, Division of sensory and motoric functions, Cranial nerves | |
| 6 |
The heart, Anatomy and physiology of the heart, Cross-section video, Striated muscle, Syncytium | |
| 6.1 |
Cardiac cycle, Generation of bioelectric signal, Conduction system, Intrinsic frequency, Electrophysiology of the heart | |
| 6.2.2 – 6.3 |
Total excitation of the isolated human heart, Genesis of the electrocardiogram | |
| Lecture 6 | ||
| Part II | Bioelectric Sources and Conductors and Their Modeling | |
| 7 |
Volume source and volume conductor | |
| 7.2 |
Bioelectric source and its electric field | |
| 7.2.2 |
Volume source in a homogeneous volume conductor | |
| 7.3 |
The concept of modeling | |
| 7.4 |
The human body as a volume conductor | |
| 7.5 |
Forward and inverse problems | |
| Lecture 7 | ||
| 7.1 – 7.3 |
Volume source, Piecewise homogeneous volume conductor, Green’s theorem, Dipole | |
| Part III | Theoretical Methods in Bioelectromagnetism | |
| 11 |
Solid angle theorem, Double layer, Inhomogeneous double layer, Double layer sources | |
| 11.4 |
Lead Vector, Ohm’s Law, lead vector concept, Lead voltage between two measurement points | |
| 11.4.3 |
Einthoven triangle, Burger Model, Variation of the Frank model | |
| 11.5 |
Lead vector, Image surface, Points inside the image surface, Design of orthonormal lead systems | |
| Lecture 8 | ||
| 11.2 |
Solid angle theorem, Double layer source, Lead vector | |
| 11.5 |
Image surface, Design of orthonormal lead systems | |
| 11.6 |
Lead field, Sensitivity distribution, Linearity, Superposition | |
| 11.6.3 |
Reciprocity, Hermann von Helmholtz, Historical approach, Electric lead | |
| 11.6.5 |
Ideal lead field, Effect of electrode configuration, Synthesizing an ideal lead field | |
| Lecture 9 | ||
| 11.6 |
Review of lead field concept, Sensitivity distribution, Reciprocity and electric lead | |
| 11.7 |
Gabor-Nelson theorem, Summary of the theoretical methods | |
| 12.1 – 12.2 |
Biomagnetism, Equations, Biomagnetic fields | |
| 12.3 |
Reciprocity theorem for magnetic fields, Equations for electric and magnetic leads | |
| 12.4 – 12.8 |
Magnetic dipole moment, Ideal lead field, Synthesization of ideal magnetic lead, Radial and tangential sensitivities | |
| Lecture 10 | ||
| 12.3 |
Reciprocity theorem for magnetic fields, Biomagnetic fields repeated | |
| 12.4 – 12.9 |
Magnetic dipole moment, Special properties of magnetic lead fields | |
| 12.11 |
Sensitivity distribution of basic magnetic leads, Magnetometers | |
| 12.10 |
Independence of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields, Helmholtz theorem | |
| Part IV | Electric and Magnetic Measurement of the Electric Activity of Neural Tissue | |
| IV 13 -13.6 |
Electroencephalograpy, EEG lead systems, Behavior of EEG signal | |
| 14.1, 14.2 |
Magnetoencephalography, History, Sensitivity distribution, Axial and planar gradiometers | |
| 14.3 |
Comparison of EEG and MEG half sensitivity, Electrode in the source region | |
| 14.3, 14.4 |
Effect of skull resistivity, Summary. | |
| Lecture 11 | ||
| Part V | Electric and Magnetic Measurement of the Electric Activity of the Heart | |
| 15.1 |
12-lead ECG system, Waller, Einthoven | |
| 15.2 |
ECG Signal | |
| 15.3 – 15.5 |
Wilson central terminal, Goldberger leads, Precordial leads | |
| 15.6, 15.7 |
Modifications of the 12-lead system, The information content of the 12 lead system | |
| Lecture 12 | ||
| 16 – 16.2.3 |
VCG Lead systems, Uncorrected VCG lead systems | |
| 16.3 |
Corrected VCG Systems, Frank lead system | |
| Lecture 13 | ||
| 16.3.1 |
Frank lead system repeated | |
| 16.3.2 – 16.3.5 |
Lead systems: McFee-Parungao, SVEC III, Gabor-Nelson | |
| 16.4 |
Discussion on VCG leads | |
| 17 – 17.4 |
Other lead systems, Moving dipole, Multiple-dipole model, Multipole, Clinical diagnosis | |
| 17.4 |
Summary of models used | |
| 18 – 18.3 |
Distortion factors in ECG, Effect of the inhomogeneities, Brody effect | |
| Lecture 14 | ||
| 18.3 – 18.5 |
Brody effect, Direction of ventricular activation, Effect of blood resistivity | |
| 19 – 19.4 |
The basis of ECG diagnosis, The application areas of ECG diagnosis, Electric axis of the heart, Ventricular arrhythmias | |
| 19.5 – 19.7 |
Disorders in the activation sequence, Myocardial ischemia and infarction | |
| 20 |
Magnetocardiography, History, Standard grid | |
| Lecture 15 | ||
| 20.3 |
Magnetocardiography, Methods for detecting magnetic heart vector, McFee lead system, XYZ-lead system, ABC-lead system | |
| 20.4 – 20.6 |
Sensitrivity distribution, Generation of MCG signal | |
| 20.7 |
Clinical applications: Fetal MCG, DC-MCG | |
| 20.7 |
General solution for the clinical application, Theoretical aspects, Helmholz’s theorem | |
| 20.7. II |
The electromagnetocardiography method (EMCG), Clinical study, Results | |
| Lecture 16 | ||
| Part VI | Electric and Magnetic Stimulation of Neural Tissue | |
| 21 |
History, Applications, Taser | |
| 22, VII, 23 |
Magnetic stimulation, History, Principle of magnetic stimulation, Distribution of stimulation current | |
| Part VII | Electric and Magnetic Stimulation of the Heart | |
| 23 | Pacemakers | |
| 24 |
Cardiac defibrillation, Mechanism, Defibrillator devices | |
| Part VIII | Measurement of the Intrinsic Electric Properties of Biological Tissues | |
| 25 – 25.3 |
Impedance cardiography, Signals, Origin of the impedance signal | |
| Lecture 17 | ||
| 25.3, 25.4 |
Impedance cardiography, Signals, Origin of the signal | |
| 25.4.5 – 25.6 |
Accuracy of the impedance cardiography, Other applications of impedance pletysmography | |
| 26 |
Impedance tomography, Measurement methods, Image reconstruction | |
| 27 |
Electrodermal response, Lie detector | |
| Part IX | Other Bioelectromagnetic Phenomena | |
| 28 | The Electric Signals Originating in the Eye, EOG, Electroretinogram | |
| Lecture 18 | ||
| Summary I |
Objectives, Discipline bioelectromagnetism | |
| Summary II |
Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nerst equation, Origin of the resting voltage | |
| Summary III |
Active behavior of the membrane, Voltage clamp, Results | |
| Summary IV |
Bioelectric sources and conductors, Models | |
| Lecture 19 | ||
| Summary V |
Theoretical methods in bioelectromagnetism, Solid angle theorem, Image surface, Linearity, Superposition, Electric lead | |
