Category Archives: TUTORIALS

WHAT US THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIGITAL AND ANALOG HEARIND AID?-BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES

Image illustrating the different types of hear...

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Digital hearing aid

Analogue hearing aid
Digital hearing aid Translate sound to digital code, change it and re-transmit it back by using mathematical calculations.

Distinguish different sounds and therefore amplify all sounds differently.

Produces a high quality sound that is extremely accurate.

Duplicates sound transmission.

Digital circuitry is typically the most expensive.

Background noise reduction.

Feedback is used for reduction or cancellation of noise.

All sound frequency are dealt with.

 Analogue hearing aid directly converts sound waves to electrical waves.

Do not distinguish different sounds and therefore amplify all sounds equally, which means some sounds, are too loud while others may be difficult to hear. This is rectified when the hearing aid user adjusts the volume

Sound quality has to be compromised and lot of manual work is required.

The sound transmitted has some error.

Cheaper as compared to digital one.

Background noise no cancelled.

No such feedback circuitry is used.

Analogue hearing aids are designed with a particular frequency response based on your hearing test.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL TUTORIAL-PCR, RFLP Analysis & Gene Therapy

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Can Make Millions of Copies of DNA in a Short Time

  • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid way of amplifying (duplicating) specific DNA sequences
  • Method was devised by Kary Mullis of Cetus Corporation, Emeryville
    • He recieved a $20,000 bonus and later a Nobel Prize
    • Later the patent was sold to Hoffman-LaRoche for $300,000,000
  • DNA heated to high temperature is not destroyed; separates into single strands, but reforms helix when cooled
  • PCR Method:
    • DNA to be amplified is put into solution containing:
      • Short DNA “primers” which can bind to the 3′ ends of the DNA
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ANATOMY AND MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION-TUTORIAL

The Respiratory System is Designed to Bring in Oxygen and Remove Carbon Dioxide

  • A person with an average ventilation rate of 7.5 L/min will breathe in and out 10,800 liters of gas each day
  • From this gas the person will take in about 420 liters of oxygen (19 moles/day) and will give out about 340 liters of carbon dioxide (15 moles/day)
  • The ratio of CO2 expired/O2 inspired is called the respiratory quotient (RQ)
    • RQ = CO2 out/O2 in = 340/420 = 0.81
    • In cellular respiration of glucose CO2 out = O2 in; RQ = 1
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SKIN BARRIER AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN HUMAN BODY-PHYSIOLOGY TUTORIAL

The Skin is a Composite of 3 Layers

  • This diagram is from the copyright-free collection, The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration, edited by Peter Cull (Park Ridge, NJ: Parthenon, 1989).
  • Epidermis: outermost layer, mostly dead keratinized cells (stratified squamous epithelium). No blood vessels, gets nutrition from dermis. Dead cells slough off and are replaced by dividing cells in the stratum basale. Half life of skin cells about 35 days.
  • Dermis: contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors for touch, pressure, hot, cold, pain. Also has hair follicles and sweat glands. All this is imbedded in fibrous connective tissue.
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ACTION POTENTIAL & NERVES-TUTORIAL

In saltatory conduction, an action potential a...

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Nerves Have Axons, Dendrites and Cell Bodies

  • Nerve cells are designed to respond to stimuli and transmit information over long distances
  • Nerve cell has 3 parts:
    • Cell body:
      • Has single nucleus
      • Has most of nerve cell metabolism, especially protein synthesis
      • Proteins made in cell body must be delivered to other parts of nerve
    • Axon:
      • Long cylinder, designed to transmit an electrical impulse
      • Can be several meters long in vertebrates (giraffe axons go from head to tip of spine)
      • Has axonal transport system for delivering proteins to ends of cell
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PROCESING THE RADIOGRAPH-DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING NOTES

LINK UPDATED

THIS IS THE BEST ARTICLE ON PROCESSING THE RADIOGRAPH AS FAR AS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IS CONCERNED

SUMMARY HAS BEEN GIVEN BELOW

FULL ARTICLE CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THIS LINK GIVEN BELOW IT IS REALLY INFORMATIVE AND EASY TO LEARN

IT IS A SURE SHOT QUESTION OF MDU ROHTAKL ALSO.

DOWNLOAD LINK

SUMMARY

When an X-ray film has been exposed, it must be processed in order to produce a

permanent visible radiographic image that can be kept without deterioration for a number of

years. Processing transforms the latent image into a visible image. The term for the

several procedures that collectively produce the visible, permanent image is processing

and consists of developing, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying procedures
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